Rally Sweden 2019

Rally Sweden 2019


14. 02. 2019 - 17. 02. 2019

Unofficial results
List for category: ABSOLUT
SS 13 - Hagfors 2
SS length: 23.40km
Pos. No. Driver / Co-driver
Vehicle		 Group SS time Aver. speed
sec/km		 Diff.Leader
Diff.Prev.
1 8
EST 		Tänak Ott / Järveoja M.
Toyota Yaris WRC		 RC1 00:12:36.8 111.31
0.00		 00:00:00.0
00:00:00.0
2 11
BEL 		Neuville T. / Gilsoul Nicolas
Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC		 RC1 00:12:39.2 110.96
0.10		 00:00:02.4
00:00:02.4
3 4
FIN 		Lappi Esapekka / Ferm Janne
Citroën C3 WRC		 RC1 00:12:40.6 110.75
0.16		 00:00:03.8
00:00:01.4
4 19
FRA 		Loeb Sébastien / Elena Daniel
Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC		 RC1 00:12:44.2 110.23
0.32		 00:00:07.4
00:00:03.6
5 1
FRA 		Ogier S. / Ingrassia J.
Citroën C3 WRC		 RC1 00:12:45.9 109.99
0.39		 00:00:09.1
00:00:01.7
6 3
FIN 		Suninen Teemu / Salminen Marko
Ford Fiesta WRC		 RC1 00:12:47.0 109.83
0.44		 00:00:10.2
00:00:01.1
7 89
NOR 		Mikkelsen A. / Jæger Anders
Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC		 RC1 00:12:48.1 109.67
0.48		 00:00:11.3
00:00:01.1
8 33
GBR 		Evans Elfyn / Martin Scott
Ford Fiesta WRC		 RC1 00:12:49.7 109.45
0.55		 00:00:12.9
00:00:01.6
9 10
FIN 		Latvala J. / Anttila Miikka
Toyota Yaris WRC		 RC1 00:12:55.8 108.58
0.81		 00:00:19.0
00:00:06.1
10 5
GBR 		Meeke Kris / Marshall S.
Toyota Yaris WRC		 RC1 00:12:56.7 108.46
0.85		 00:00:19.9
00:00:00.9
11 7
SWE 		Tidemand Pontus / Fløene Ola
Ford Fiesta WRC		 RC1 00:12:58.6 108.19
0.93		 00:00:21.8
00:00:01.9
12 46
FIN 		Huttunen Jari / Linnaketo Antti
Škoda Fabia R5		 RC2 00:13:05.0 107.31
1.21		 00:00:28.2
00:00:06.4
13 47
SWE 		Kristoffersson J. / Skjærmoen S.
Volkswagen Polo Gti R5		 RC2 00:13:08.6 106.82
1.36		 00:00:31.8
00:00:03.6
14 26
FIN 		Pietarinen E. / Raitanen Juhana
Škoda Fabia R5		 RC2 00:13:08.7 106.81
1.36		 00:00:31.9
00:00:00.1
15 42
NOR 		Veiby O. / Andersson Jonas
Volkswagen Polo Gti R5		 RC2 00:13:14.4 106.04
1.61		 00:00:37.6
00:00:05.7
16 92
FIN 		Tuohino Janne / Markkula Mikko
Ford Fiesta WRC		 RC1 00:13:15.9 105.84
1.67		 00:00:39.1
00:00:01.5
17 50
SWE 		Flodin Patrik / Bergsten Göran
Škoda Fabia R5		 RC2 00:13:16.9 105.71
1.71		 00:00:40.1
00:00:01.0
18 48
FIN 		Lindholm Emil / Korhonen Mikael
Volkswagen Polo Gti R5		 RC2 00:13:19.5 105.37
1.82		 00:00:42.7
00:00:02.6
19 68
FIN 		Grönholm M. / Rautiainen Timo
Toyota Yaris WRC		 RC1 00:13:20.4 105.25
1.86		 00:00:43.6
00:00:00.9
20 45
SWE 		Bergkvist Emil / Barth Patrik
Ford Fiesta R5		 RC2 00:13:20.8 105.19
1.88		 00:00:44.0
00:00:00.4
21 44
LVA 		Gryazin Nikolay / Fedorov Y.
Škoda Fabia R5		 RC2 00:13:22.8 104.93
1.97		 00:00:46.0
00:00:02.0
22 21
NOR 		Østberg Mads / Eriksen T.
Citroën C3 R5		 RC2 00:13:27.9 104.27
2.18		 00:00:51.1
00:00:05.1
23 41
JPN 		Katsuta T. / Barritt Daniel
Ford Fiesta R5		 RC2 00:13:28.7 104.17
2.22		 00:00:51.9
00:00:00.8
24 43
NOR 		Solberg Henning / Minor Ilka
Škoda Fabia R5		 RC2 00:13:29.6 104.05
2.26		 00:00:52.8
00:00:00.9
25 55
GBR 		Yates Rhys / Morgan James
Škoda Fabia R5		 RC2 00:13:33.7 103.53
2.43		 00:00:56.9
00:00:04.1
26 51
SWE 		Monelius M. / Edvardsson N.
Škoda Fabia R5		 RC2 00:13:37.7 103.02
2.60		 00:01:00.9
00:00:04.0
27 37
ITA 		Bertelli L. / Scattolin S.
Ford Fiesta WRC		 RC1 00:13:37.8 103.01
2.61		 00:01:01.0
00:00:00.1
28 34
GBR 		Greensmith Gus / Edmondson E.
Ford Fiesta R5		 RC2 00:13:44.7 102.15
2.90		 00:01:07.9
00:00:06.9
29 96
SWE 		Blomberg Robert / Bood Ida
Škoda Fabia R5		 RC2 00:13:55.5 100.83
3.36		 00:01:18.7
00:00:10.8
30 99
SWE 		Karlsson Anders / Nilsson Björn
Mitsubishi Mirage		 00:14:08.2 99.32
3.91		 00:01:31.4
00:00:12.7
31 76
LVA 		Sesks M. / Caune K.
Ford Fiesta R2T		 RC4 00:14:20.2 97.93
4.42		 00:01:43.4
00:00:12.0
32 93
NOR 		Brynildsen E. / Engan Veronica
Škoda Fabia R5		 RC2 00:14:20.4 97.91
4.43		 00:01:43.6
00:00:00.2
33 54
SWE 		Roman Joakim / Lidebjer Granberg I.
Škoda Fabia R5		 RC2 00:14:35.9 96.18
5.09		 00:01:59.1
00:00:15.5
34 75
EST 		Poom Roland / Järveoja Ken
Ford Fiesta R2T		 RC4 00:14:36.9 96.07
5.13		 00:02:00.1
00:00:01.0
35 104
FRA 		Fourmaux Adrien / Jamoul Renaud
Ford Fiesta R2T		 RC4 00:14:44.1 95.28
5.44		 00:02:07.3
00:00:07.2
36 56
ITA 		Molinaro Tamara / Granai Lorenzo
Citroën C3 R5		 RC2 00:14:47.1 94.96
5.57		 00:02:10.3
00:00:03.0
37 74
SWE 		Kristensson Tom / Appelskog H.
Ford Fiesta R2T		 RC4 00:14:47.4 94.93
5.58		 00:02:10.6
00:00:00.3
38 100
AUT 		Zellhofer M. / Heigl Jürgen
Ford Fiesta R5		 RC2 00:14:49.4 94.72
5.67		 00:02:12.6
00:00:02.0
39 77
GBR 		Williams Tom / Hall Philip
Ford Fiesta R2T		 RC4 00:14:59.4 93.66
6.09		 00:02:22.6
00:00:10.0
40 57
TUR 		Timur Y. / Vilmot Maxime
Škoda Fabia R5		 RC2 00:15:08.6 92.71
6.49		 00:02:31.8
00:00:09.2
41 105
SWE 		Storm Lasse / Storm Ulf
Peugeot 208 R2		 RC4 00:15:40.1 89.61
7.83		 00:03:03.3
00:00:31.5
42 25
FIN 		Rovanperä K. / Halttunen Jonne
Škoda Fabia R5		 RC2 00:15:56.7 88.05
8.54		 00:03:19.9
00:00:16.6
43 78
ESP 		Solans Jan / Barreiro Mauro
Ford Fiesta R2T		 RC4 00:15:56.9 88.03
8.55		 00:03:20.1
00:00:00.2
44 81
ITA 		Oldrati Enrico / De Guio Elia
Ford Fiesta R2T		 RC4 00:16:05.9 87.21
8.94		 00:03:29.1
00:00:09.0
45 80
DEU 		Knacker Nico / Braun Tobias
Ford Fiesta R2T		 RC4 00:16:11.3 86.73
9.17		 00:03:34.5
00:00:05.4
46 98
SWE 		Dahlström D. / Johansson J.
Mitsubishi Mirage		 00:16:23.3 85.67
9.68		 00:03:46.5
00:00:12.0
47 102
NLD 		Burger Kees / Teiskonen Miika
Škoda Fabia R5		 RC2 00:16:47.4 83.62
10.71		 00:04:10.6
00:00:24.1
48 72
EST 		Torn Ken / Sikk Kuldar
Ford Fiesta R2T		 RC4 00:17:13.7 81.49
11.83		 00:04:36.9
00:00:26.3
49 79
ROU 		Badiu Raul / Lazar Gabriel
Ford Fiesta R2T		 RC4 00:18:55.6 74.18
16.19		 00:06:18.8
00:01:41.9
50 83
DEU 		Johnston Sean / Kihurani A.
Ford Fiesta R2T		 RC4 00:19:23.5 72.40
17.38		 00:06:46.7
00:00:27.9
51 35
POL 		Pieniążek Ł. / Heller Kamil
Ford Fiesta R5		 RC2 00:19:48.9 70.86
18.47		 00:07:12.1
00:00:25.4
52 53
SWE 		Stugemo Lars / Lexe Karl-Olof
Volkswagen Polo Gti R5		 RC2 00:20:05.0 69.91
19.15		 00:07:28.2
00:00:16.1
53 94
SWE 		Jansson Jacob / Gustavsson S.
Ford Fiesta R5		 RC2 00:20:55.5 67.10
21.31		 00:08:18.7
00:00:50.5
- 101
JPN 		Matsuno Takemi / Takeshita N.
Ford Fiesta R5		 RC2 00:20:55.5 67.10
21.31		 00:08:18.7
00:00:00.0
55 71
SWE 		Rådström D. / Johansson Johan
Ford Fiesta R2T		 RC4 00:21:20.2 65.80
22.37		 00:08:43.4
00:00:24.7
- 73
DEU 		Tannert Julius / Hinneberg H.
Ford Fiesta R2T		 RC4 00:21:20.2 65.80
22.37		 00:08:43.4
00:00:00.0
57 52
SWE 		Eriksson Anton / Andersson Lars
Škoda Fabia R5		 RC2 00:21:24.8 65.57
22.56		 00:08:48.0
00:00:04.6
58 103
SWE 		Lönnström P. / Svensson R.
Ford Fiesta R2T		 RC4 00:21:44.1 64.60
23.39		 00:09:07.3
00:00:19.3
59 82
PRY 		Zaldivar F. / Mussano F.
Ford Fiesta R2T		 RC4 00:28:27.8 49.33
40.64		 00:15:51.0
00:06:43.7
Pos. No.
Driver / Co-driver
Vehicle		 Pos. SS time
Penalty		 Total time Diff.Leader
Diff.Prev.
1 8
EST
1		 Tänak Ott / Järveoja M.
Toyota Yaris WRC  		RC1
1		 02:07:30.9
 02:07:30.9 00:00:00.0
00:00:00.0
2 89
NOR
2		 Mikkelsen A. / Jæger Anders
Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC  		RC1
2		 02:08:22.6
 02:08:22.6 00:00:51.7
00:00:51.7
3 4
FIN
3		 Lappi Esapekka / Ferm Janne
Citroën C3 WRC  		RC1
3		 02:08:29.6
 02:08:29.6 00:00:58.7
00:00:07.0
4 11
BEL
5		 Neuville T. / Gilsoul Nicolas
Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC  		RC1
4		 02:08:32.8
 02:08:32.8 00:01:01.9
00:00:03.2
5 33
GBR
4		 Evans Elfyn / Martin Scott
Ford Fiesta WRC  		RC1
5		 02:08:40.3
 02:08:40.3 00:01:09.4
00:00:07.5
6 5
GBR
6		 Meeke Kris / Marshall S.
Toyota Yaris WRC  		RC1
6		 02:09:01.6
 02:09:01.6 00:01:30.7
00:00:21.3
7 19
FRA
8		 Loeb Sébastien / Elena Daniel
Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC  		RC1
7		 02:09:08.1
 02:09:08.1 00:01:37.2
00:00:06.5
8 3
FIN
7		 Suninen Teemu / Salminen Marko
Ford Fiesta WRC  		RC1
8		 02:09:10.2
 02:09:10.2 00:01:39.3
00:00:02.1
9 7
SWE
9		 Tidemand Pontus / Fløene Ola
Ford Fiesta WRC  		RC1
9		 02:10:31.4
 02:10:31.4 00:03:00.5
00:01:21.2
10 42
NOR
10		 Veiby O. / Andersson Jonas
Volkswagen Polo Gti R5  		RC2
1		 02:12:36.5
 02:12:36.5 00:05:05.6
00:02:05.1
11 46
FIN
11		 Huttunen Jari / Linnaketo Antti
Škoda Fabia R5  		RC2
2		 02:12:59.0
 02:12:59.0 00:05:28.1
00:00:22.5
12 48
FIN
13		 Lindholm Emil / Korhonen Mikael
Volkswagen Polo Gti R5  		RC2
3		 02:13:59.5
 02:13:59.5 00:06:28.6
00:01:00.5
13 21
NOR
12		 Østberg Mads / Eriksen T.
Citroën C3 R5  		RC2
4		 02:14:04.9
 02:14:04.9 00:06:34.0
00:00:05.4
14 45
SWE
14		 Bergkvist Emil / Barth Patrik
Ford Fiesta R5  		RC2
5		 02:14:19.6
 02:14:19.6 00:06:48.7
00:00:14.7
15 92
FIN
15		 Tuohino Janne / Markkula Mikko
Ford Fiesta WRC  		RC1
10		 02:14:24.9
 02:14:24.9 00:06:54.0
00:00:05.3
16 44
LVA
16		 Gryazin Nikolay / Fedorov Y.
Škoda Fabia R5  		RC2
6		 02:14:41.5
 02:14:41.5 00:07:10.6
00:00:16.6
17 47
SWE
18		 Kristoffersson J. / Skjærmoen S.
Volkswagen Polo Gti R5  		RC2
7		 02:14:47.5
 02:14:47.5 00:07:16.6
00:00:06.0
18 43
NOR
20		 Solberg Henning / Minor Ilka
Škoda Fabia R5  		RC2
8		 02:16:01.9
 02:16:01.9 00:08:31.0
00:01:14.4
19 93
NOR
19		 Brynildsen E. / Engan Veronica
Škoda Fabia R5  		RC2
9		 02:16:18.1
 02:16:18.1 00:08:47.2
00:00:16.2
20 41
JPN
21		 Katsuta T. / Barritt Daniel
Ford Fiesta R5  		RC2
10		 02:17:00.1
 02:17:00.1 00:09:29.2
00:00:42.0
21 25
FIN
17		 Rovanperä K. / Halttunen Jonne
Škoda Fabia R5  		RC2
11		 02:17:33.4
 02:17:33.4 00:10:02.5
00:00:33.3
22 50
SWE
22		 Flodin Patrik / Bergsten Göran
Škoda Fabia R5  		RC2
12		 02:17:36.5
 02:17:36.5 00:10:05.6
00:00:03.1
23 10
FIN
24		 Latvala J. / Anttila Miikka
Toyota Yaris WRC  		RC1
11		 02:17:57.4
 02:17:57.4 00:10:26.5
00:00:20.9
24 34
GBR
23		 Greensmith Gus / Edmondson E.
Ford Fiesta R5  		RC2
13		 02:18:15.2
 02:18:15.2 00:10:44.3
00:00:17.8
25 37
ITA
25		 Bertelli L. / Scattolin S.
Ford Fiesta WRC  		RC1
12		 02:18:42.2
00:00:10.0		 02:18:52.2 00:11:21.3
00:00:37.0
26 51
SWE
26		 Monelius M. / Edvardsson N.
Škoda Fabia R5  		RC2
14		 02:19:09.8
 02:19:09.8 00:11:38.9
00:00:17.6
27 55
GBR
27		 Yates Rhys / Morgan James
Škoda Fabia R5  		RC2
15		 02:19:20.5
 02:19:20.5 00:11:49.6
00:00:10.7
28 26
FIN
28		 Pietarinen E. / Raitanen Juhana
Škoda Fabia R5  		RC2
16		 02:19:33.6
 02:19:33.6 00:12:02.7
00:00:13.1
29 99
SWE
29		 Karlsson Anders / Nilsson Björn
Mitsubishi Mirage 
02:24:23.4
 02:24:23.4 00:16:52.5
00:04:49.8
30 96
SWE
31		 Blomberg Robert / Bood Ida
Škoda Fabia R5  		RC2
17		 02:24:45.3
 02:24:45.3 00:17:14.4
00:00:21.9
31 56
ITA
32		 Molinaro Tamara / Granai Lorenzo
Citroën C3 R5  		RC2
18		 02:25:45.5
00:00:10.0		 02:25:55.5 00:18:24.6
00:01:10.2
32 74
SWE
33		 Kristensson Tom / Appelskog H.
Ford Fiesta R2T  		RC4
1		 02:27:03.4
 02:27:03.4 00:19:32.5
00:01:07.9
33 75
EST
34		 Poom Roland / Järveoja Ken
Ford Fiesta R2T  		RC4
2		 02:28:32.8
 02:28:32.8 00:21:01.9
00:01:29.4
34 54
SWE
36		 Roman Joakim / Lidebjer Granberg I.
Škoda Fabia R5  		RC2
19		 02:29:59.5
 02:29:59.5 00:22:28.6
00:01:26.7
35 78
ESP
35		 Solans Jan / Barreiro Mauro
Ford Fiesta R2T  		RC4
3		 02:30:52.6
 02:30:52.6 00:23:21.7
00:00:53.1
36 1
FRA
39		 Ogier S. / Ingrassia J.
Citroën C3 WRC  		RC1
13		 02:28:51.3
00:02:30.0		 02:31:21.3 00:23:50.4
00:00:28.7
37 71
SWE
30		 Rådström D. / Johansson Johan
Ford Fiesta R2T  		RC4
4		 02:31:50.6
 02:31:50.6 00:24:19.7
00:00:29.3
38 77
GBR
38		 Williams Tom / Hall Philip
Ford Fiesta R2T  		RC4
5		 02:33:12.5
 02:33:12.5 00:25:41.6
00:01:21.9
39 100
AUT
42		 Zellhofer M. / Heigl Jürgen
Ford Fiesta R5  		RC2
20		 02:33:19.8
00:03:20.0		 02:36:39.8 00:29:08.9
00:03:27.3
40 94
SWE
37		 Jansson Jacob / Gustavsson S.
Ford Fiesta R5  		RC2
21		 02:37:16.0
 02:37:16.0 00:29:45.1
00:00:36.2
41 83
DEU
40		 Johnston Sean / Kihurani A.
Ford Fiesta R2T  		RC4
6		 02:38:15.6
 02:38:15.6 00:30:44.7
00:00:59.6
42 81
ITA
44		 Oldrati Enrico / De Guio Elia
Ford Fiesta R2T  		RC4
7		 02:39:25.5
 02:39:25.5 00:31:54.6
00:01:09.9
43 76
LVA
47		 Sesks M. / Caune K.
Ford Fiesta R2T  		RC4
8		 02:42:07.2
 02:42:07.2 00:34:36.3
00:02:41.7
44 105
SWE
48		 Storm Lasse / Storm Ulf
Peugeot 208 R2  		RC4
9		 02:43:26.5
00:00:20.0		 02:43:46.5 00:36:15.6
00:01:39.3
45 73
DEU
43		 Tannert Julius / Hinneberg H.
Ford Fiesta R2T  		RC4
10		 02:43:52.5
00:00:10.0		 02:44:02.5 00:36:31.6
00:00:16.0
46 68
FIN
50		 Grönholm M. / Rautiainen Timo
Toyota Yaris WRC  		RC1
14		 02:46:30.8
 02:46:30.8 00:38:59.9
00:02:28.3
47 52
SWE
45		 Eriksson Anton / Andersson Lars
Škoda Fabia R5  		RC2
22		 02:46:46.7
 02:46:46.7 00:39:15.8
00:00:15.9
48 82
PRY
41		 Zaldivar F. / Mussano F.
Ford Fiesta R2T  		RC4
11		 02:48:31.6
 02:48:31.6 00:41:00.7
00:01:44.9
49 103
SWE
46		 Lönnström P. / Svensson R.
Ford Fiesta R2T  		RC4
12		 02:48:57.2
 02:48:57.2 00:41:26.3
00:00:25.6
50 53
SWE
49		 Stugemo Lars / Lexe Karl-Olof
Volkswagen Polo Gti R5  		RC2
23		 02:49:05.4
 02:49:05.4 00:41:34.5
00:00:08.2
51 104
FRA
51		 Fourmaux Adrien / Jamoul Renaud
Ford Fiesta R2T  		RC4
13		 02:48:52.5
00:01:10.0		 02:50:02.5 00:42:31.6
00:00:57.1
52 72
EST
52		 Torn Ken / Sikk Kuldar
Ford Fiesta R2T  		RC4
14		 02:48:01.0
00:05:00.0		 02:53:01.0 00:45:30.1
00:02:58.5
53 57
TUR
54		 Timur Y. / Vilmot Maxime
Škoda Fabia R5  		RC2
24		 03:01:41.0
 03:01:41.0 00:54:10.1
00:08:40.0
54 102
NLD
53		 Burger Kees / Teiskonen Miika
Škoda Fabia R5  		RC2
25		 03:01:46.6
 03:01:46.6 00:54:15.7
00:00:05.6
55 98
SWE
56		 Dahlström D. / Johansson J.
Mitsubishi Mirage 
03:06:35.9
00:00:20.0		 03:06:55.9 00:59:25.0
00:05:09.3
56 35
POL
55		 Pieniążek Ł. / Heller Kamil
Ford Fiesta R5  		RC2
26		 03:09:48.8
 03:09:48.8 01:02:17.9
00:02:52.9
57 80
DEU
57		 Knacker Nico / Braun Tobias
Ford Fiesta R2T  		RC4
15		 03:09:30.7
00:01:40.0		 03:11:10.7 01:03:39.8
00:01:21.9
58 79
ROU
58		 Badiu Raul / Lazar Gabriel
Ford Fiesta R2T  		RC4
16		 03:17:06.2
 03:17:06.2 01:09:35.3
00:05:55.5
59 101
JPN
59		 Matsuno Takemi / Takeshita N.
Ford Fiesta R5  		RC2
27		 04:00:24.4
 04:00:24.4 01:52:53.5
00:43:18.2
INFORMATION ABOUT SS 13
retired (71 - Rådström Dennis / Johansson Johan): accident in SS 13
(25 - Rovanperä Kalle / Halttunen Jonne): was out of road
(35 - Pieniążek Łukasz / Heller Kamil): was out of road
flash info (3 - Suninen Teemu / Salminen Marko): Let's see. This stage was an okay time. We were trying to take care of the tyres.
flash info (8 - Tänak Ott / Järveoja Martin): Conditions definitely a lot harder than the previous one. We kept steady, in the line. Everything is working, I just have to do the job and preserve the tyres for the super special.
flash info (89 - Mikkelsen Andreas / Jæger Anders): We had a moment in there! I lost the grip and ended in the snowbank. We were very lucky.
flash info (33 - Evans Elfyn / Martin Scott): A terrible stage to be honest. A mountain of oversteer, it was very difficult.
flash info (4 - Lappi Esapekka / Ferm Janne): Good, good. I'm trying. This is an easy car to drive but it's tricky here. Being on the pace and to be off is a very fine line. Lose the car in the slush and you can lose the whole race.
flash info (1 - Ogier Sébastien / Ingrassia Julien): Still very tricky - for everybody I think. We have never been in this position before. We still try to work on the set-up. We're going to try some more things now.
flash info (19 - Loeb Sébastien / Elena Daniel): We have to save the tyres I think. I only have five - so no option. We try to not be too aggressive.
flash info (11 - Neuville Thierry / Gilsoul Nicolas): I had a good stage but I don't know about the tyres. Towards the end I slowed down because I don't want to destroy them. We have to be clever.
flash info (5 - Meeke Kris / Marshall Sebastian): Horrible. That's like the trickiest stage I've ever done in Monte Carlo. The only thing on your mind is survival.